US Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner is also attending, underlining Washington's fears that problems in the eurozone could spread beyond Europe.
UK Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne said on Friday that the eurozone's situation was "grave".
And Austria's finance minister refused to rule out an eventual Greek default.
On arriving for the meeting in Wroclaw, Maria Fekter said more bailout money should be advanced to Greece, but "we will have to think about the alternative".
Finland's minister Jutta Urpilainen also played down the chances of resolving a dispute over providing more money to Greece.
Finland wants collateral in return for contributing money to a second Greek bailout.
But Ms Urpilainen said: "Unfortunately I don't see that we can find a solution tonight."
Mr Osborne said, however, that "time is short" and eurozone leaders must "recognise the gravity of the situation".
President Barack Obama has urged the 17-nation eurozone bloc to settle their differences over the debt crisis. Mr Geithner was expected to impress upon the leaders that the eurozone's troubles were spilling beyond its borders.Funding questions Demands that Greece accelerate its austerity plans, and divisions among governments and policymakers over support for indebted eurozone members, has sparked turmoil in the financial markets.
Greece urgently needs more funds, but a review of the country's budget measures being led by the European Commission will not be completed until the end of September.
In Germany, Finland, and Slovakia there are signs that public opinion is turning against providing funds for further bailouts.
Differences over how the European Central Bank continues funding indebted nations was said to be behind this month's resignation of the European Central Bank's chief economist, Juergen Stark.
Despite this backdrop of disagreement, the finance ministers will attempt to chart a common course through the debt crisis.
Belgian Finance Minister Didier Reynders said on Thursday that now was not the time "to rebuild walls," but to use the crisis to give new foundations to political integration in Europe.'Political dysfunction' A run of several days of sharp falls on the stock markets was only halted on Thursday, when leading central banks, including the US Federal Reserve and Bank of England, agreed to flood the financial system with dollars.
The aim is to ensure that the global banking system has enough money to fund day-to-day operations, amid signs that institutions were becoming risk-averse and had begun reining in inter-bank lending.
Some analysts interpreted the central banks' move as a possible prelude to a Greek default. Pumping liquidity into the banking system would help to ensure it does not freeze after a default, said National Australia Bank's head of strategy, Nick Parsons.
However, Greek finance minister Evangelos Venizelos, said his country would meet its austerity plan and default was not an issue.
"The intention is to meet the fiscal targets for this year and next year without delay, without exception and deviations," he said on arriving in Poland.
Despite a rebound on the share markets and a rally in the euro on Friday, few people believe the debt crisis is over.
In Washington on Thursday, International Monetary Fund managing director Christine Lagarde called for bolder action on both sides of the Atlantic, warning that indecision and "political dysfunction" was pushing the US and Europe back towards the brink.
The developed economies have entered a "dangerous new phase", she said.
This week a European Commission report estimated that the region's economy would come to a "virtual standstill" in the final three months of the year, growing by just 0.1%.
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